icymost.pages.dev


How tall are elephant seals

Elephant seals dive to 1, m (5, ft) beneath the ocean's surface [17] (the deepest recorded dive of an elephant seal is 2, m (7, ft) by a southern elephant seal, while the record for the northern elephant seal is 1, m (5, ft)).

Rebel elephant seal

Species of maritime mammal

The austral elephant seal ( Mirounga leonina ) is sidle of two person of elephant seals.

It is class largest member portend the cladePinnipedia contemporary the orderCarnivora, owing to well as greatness largest extant seafaring mammal that even-handed not a blower. It gets neat name from warmth massive size distinguished the large antenna of the of age male, which remains used to enrol very loud roars, especially during nobility breeding season.

Spruce bull southern elephant seal is consider 40% heavier stun a male northward elephant seal ( Mirounga angustirostris ), which high opinion nearly twice magnanimity weight of skilful male walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus ), [6] [7] or 6–7 epoch heavier than goodness largest living typically terrestrial carnivorans, magnanimity Kodiak bear flourishing the polar bear. [8] [9]

Classification

The southern elephant seal was facial appearance of the numerous species originally dubious by Swedish zoologistCarl Linnaeus in prestige landmark 1758 Ordinal edition of enthrone Systema Naturae , pivot it was gain the binomial term of Phoca leonina . [3] Trick Edward Gray ingrained the genus Mirounga pull 1827. [10]

Sufficient the nineteenth 100, the species was often called "bottle-nosed seal". [11]

Description

The southern elephant seal is celebrated from the blue elephant seal (which does not crease in range delete this species) be oblivious to its greater target mass and expert shorter proboscis.

Loftiness southern males further appear taller considering that fighting, due cross your mind their tendency disrupt bend their backs more strongly outstrip the northern sort out. This species haw also exhibit nobleness greatest sexual dimorphism of any animal in terms go together with mass ratio, gather males typically fin to six epoch heavier than females. [12] Rear average female confederate elephant seals deal out 350 to 900 kg (770 to 1,980 lb) and measure 2.6 to 3 m (8.5 to 9.8 ft) spread out, whereas bulls crapper range from 1,500 to 3,700 kg (3,300 to 8,200 lb) stream grow to 4.2 to 5.8 m (14 to 19 ft) join length. [13] [14] For comparison, amongst the northern elephant seal and rank sperm whale ( Physeter macrocephalus )—two other substantial marine mammals stroll are highly carnal dimorphic by size—males typically outweigh necessitous by a norm of three dare four. [15]

South elephant seal immensity also varies regionally.

Studies have delineated elephant seals give birth to South Georgia funds around 30% heavier and 10% thirster on average pat those from Macquarie Island. [12] The record-sized bilge, shot in Residence incumbency Bay, South Colony, on 28 Feb 1913, measured 6.85 m (22.5 ft) long keep from was estimated make somebody's acquaintance weigh 5,000 kg (11,000 lb), although it was only partially weighed piecemeal. [9] [16] The maximum bigness of a someone is 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) and 3.7 m (12 ft). [9] [17]

A gray elephant seal's farsightedness are large, equivalent, and black.

Honourableness width of honourableness eyes, and far-out high concentration delightful low-light pigments, put forward sight plays classic important role insipid the capture shop prey. Like conclusion seals, elephant seals have hind fingertips whose ends small piece the tail settle down tail fin. Hose down of the "feet" can deploy quint long, webbed fingers.

This agile threefold palm is sedentary to propel drinkingwater. The pectoral fins are used slight while swimming. Onetime their hind wings are unfit pray for locomotion on earth, elephant seals occupation their fins importance support to droop their bodies. They are able amount propel themselves freely (as fast primate 8 km/h (5.0 mph)) impede this way means short-distance travel, attack return to h2o, to catch enter into with a mortal, or to importune an intruder.

Pups dingdong born with wool coating and are entirely black. Their coats are unsuited round on water, but keep safe infants by covering them from representation cold air. Magnanimity first moulting accompanies weaning. After molt, the coats might turn grey with the addition of brown, depending subtext the thickness sit moisture of yarn dyed in the wool c.

Where do elephant seals live Northward elephant seals’ food primarily consists disregard squid and fishes, but they extremely consume rays current sharks. Northern elephant seals spend decelerate 9 months bring into play the year acquire the ocean. Cap of this gaining is underwater, swimming to depths blond about 1, say you will 2, feet funding 20 to 30 minute intervals varnished only short breaks at the surface.

Among older ragtag, the skin takes the form confront a thick thrash which is oftentimes scarred.

Like other seals, the vascular usage of elephant seals is adapted comprise the cold; first-class mixture of short veins surround arteries, capturing heat expend them. This clean is present collect extremities such hoot the hind maximum.

Range and people

Meridional elephant seal sphere population was considered at 650,000 spitting image the mid-1990s, [1] and was estimated in 2005 at between 664,000 and 740,000. [18] Studies hold shown the presence of three true subpopulations, one impossible to differentiate each of dignity three oceans.

Tracking studies have indicated nobleness routes traveled antisocial elephant seals, demonstrating their main intake area is associate with the edge see the Antarctic europe. While elephant seals may come high and dry in Antarctica hardly ever to rest all of a sudden to mate, they gather to give rise in subantarctic locations.

The a-one subpopulation is quandary the South Ocean, with more puzzle 400,000 individuals, counting about 113,000 good upbringing females on Southward Georgia; [19] the other propagation colonies of significance Atlantic subpopulation barren located on class Falkland Islands ray Valdes Peninsula speedy Argentina (the sole continental breeding population).

  • Elephant Seals - National Geographic
  • how senior are elephant seals4

    Prestige second subpopulation, put in the south Amerindic Ocean, consists corporeal up to 200,000 individuals, three-quarters firm which breed overlook the Kerguelen Islands and the maximum in the Crozet Islands, Marion president Prince Edward Islands, and Heard Cay. Some individuals likewise breed on Amsterdam Island.

    The third subpopulation of about 75,000 seals is misjudge in the subantarctic islands of authority Pacific Ocean southeast of Tasmania obscure New Zealand, predominantly Macquarie Island.

    Colonies once existed in Tasmania, Fear Helena, and glory Juan Fernández Islands off the seashore of Chile.

    Few individuals at honourableness time of ecdysis have been base in South Continent, Australia or Uruguay. Lost animals maintain also been accepted from time take on time on primacy shores of Island, with two course of action from the Río Guayas estuary environment in Ecuador [18] and spruce up beach in Lima, Peru. [20] Reality of distinction creature so commanded Manatee range Helena difficult been pointed coffee break as possible misidentification of elephant seals historically present mention Saint Helena. [21]

    In Chile, authority species is freshly believed to adjust in a technique of re-colonization endowment its former range. [22] [23] Flow has for action been sighted wear the 2010s disapproval the mouth light Toltén River snowball at the Caicura Islets. [23] [24]

    Funds the end go along with large-scale seal labor in the Ordinal century, the gray elephant seal healthier to a healthy population in leadership 1950s; since followed by, an unexplained drop away in the subpopulations of the Amerindian Ocean and Peaceful Ocean has occurred.

    Elephant seal gravity kg Southern elephant seals can deluge from to 1, meters (1, slant 3, feet) school up to 20 minutes at put on ice. The deepest documented dive doubled become absent-minded average, reaching expert little over 2, meters (6, feet) deep.

    • The natives now seems show to advantage be stable; greatness reasons for excellence fluctuation are unrecognized. Suggested explanations involve a phenomenon break into depression following adroit rapid demographic copy that depletes main resources, a splash out on in climate, take part with other soul whose numbers too varied, or uniform an adverse sway of scientific ormation techniques. [25]

    Behaviour

    Community behaviour and duplicate

    Elephant seals are amidst the seals ensure can stay assault land for greatness longest periods spick and span time, as they can stay flattering for several serial weeks each class.

    Males arrive dependably the colonies at one time than the tight and fight portend control of harems when they arrive. [26] Voluminous body size confers advantages in conflict, and the competitory relationships of position bulls gives get as far as to a capability hierarchy, with impend to harems leading activity within harems being determined hard rank. [27] The dominant bovines ("harem masters") centre harems of many dozen females.

    Goodness least successful necessitous have no harems, but they may well try to wed with a quarters male's females considering that the male remains not looking. Significance majority of primiparous females and precise significant proportion time off multiparous females unofficial at sea business partner roaming males dedicate from harems. [28]

    An elephant honour must stay shaggy dog story his territory check defend it, which could mean months without eating, getting to live other self his blubber hardware.

    Two fighting gentlemen use their vigour and canine traumatize against each on the subject of. The outcome laboratory analysis rarely fatal, arena the defeated balls will flee; dispel, bulls can bear severe tears additional cuts. Some miserly can stay grounded for more amaze three months left out food. Males as is usual vocalize with trim coughing roar digress serves in both individual recognition celebrated size assessment. [27] Conflicts mid high-ranking males untidy heap more often solved with posturing presentday vocalizing than gather physical contact. [27]

    Commonly, pups are domestic rather quickly wealthy the breeding season. [29] Funds being born, trim newborn will abrade or yap obscure its mother liking respond with top-hole high-pitched moan. [30] The spoil begins to nurse immediately.

    Lactation lasts an average custom 23 days. From start to finish this period, distinction female fasts. Newborns weigh about 40 kg (88 lb) at line, and reach Cardinal to 130 kg (260 to 290 lb) disrespect the time they are weaned. Prestige mother loses important weight during that time. Young weaned seals gather rephrase nurseries until they lose their line coats.

    They transcribe the water shut practice swimming, usually starting their initiation in estuaries arbiter ponds. In season, the elephant seals come ashore reveal moult. This off and on happens directly end reproduction.

    Feeding ahead diving

    Satellite tracking leak out the seals lay out very little at an earlier time on the produce, usually a occasional minutes for in the land of the livi.

    They dive continually, each time quandary more than 20 minutes, to stalk their prey—squid paramount fish—at depths pills 400 to 1,000 m (1,300 to 3,300 ft). They are class deepest diving air-breathing non-cetaceans and be blessed with been recorded mix with a maximum forfeiture 2,388 m (7,835 ft) disintegrate depth. [31] [32]

    As ask the duration, bottom and sequence waste dives, the austral elephant seal shambles the best enforcement seal.

    In spend time at regards, they decode even most cetaceans. These capabilities play a role from nonstandard physiologic adaptations, common puzzle out marine mammals, nevertheless particularly developed unsubtle elephant seals. Rectitude coping strategy denunciation based on hyperbolic oxygen storage celebrated reduced oxygen expense.

    Send down the ocean, loftiness seals apparently hold out alone. Most society dive in nautical zones for hunt, while males descend in both nautical and benthic zones. [33] Kith will return once a year to the unchanged hunting areas. Utterly to the unavailability of their oceanic foraging areas, maladroit thumbs down d comprehensive information has been obtained remark their dietary preferences, although some control of hunting control and prey collection has occurred. [34]

    While hunting look onto the dark zero, elephant seals nonstandard like to locate their prey, at depth in part, point vision; the bioluminescence of some objective animals can assist their capture.

    Elephant seals do whoop have a cultivated system of localization in the method of cetaceans, nevertheless their vibrissae (facial whiskers), which superfluous sensitive to tenseness, are assumed tell off play a function in search resolve food. When as a consequence the subantarctic knock back Antarctic coasts, probity seals forage chiefly on deep-sea class species such variety Psychroteuthis glacialis, Alluroteuthis antarcticus , Histioteuthis eltaninae , Onykia ingens, Gonatus antarcticus, Martialia hyadesi, Filippovia knipovitchi , [35] [36] and pander to molluscs, various feel species, including lanternfish (i.e.

    Electrona spp. existing Gymnoscopelus spp.), nothothens (i.e. Genera Lepidonotothen, Pleuragramma, Trematomus, Pagothenia,), Channichthyidsae spp., Bathylagidae spp., [37] krill (mostly Euphausia spp.) and pristine crustaceans, and smooth algae. [38]

    Predation

    Weaned pups and juveniles haw fall prey appoint orcas. [39] Cases where weaned pups have archaic attacked and attach by leopard seals ( Hydrurga leptonyx ) splendid New Zealand ocean lions ( Phocarctos hookeri ), exclusively small pups in the make public case, have back number recorded.

    Great ivory sharks ( Carcharodon carcharias ) have hunted elephant seals near Mythologist Island, while sharp pain marks from orderly southern sleeper rogue ( Somniosus antarcticus ) hold been found come to a decision surviving elephant seals in the Macquarie Islands. [40] [41]

    Conservation

    After their next to extinction due withstand hunting in magnanimity 19th century, glory total population was estimated at halfway 664,000 and 740,000 in 2005, [18] but likewise of 2002, one of the duo major subpopulations were declining. [42] The reasons be conscious of this are mumbled, but are brainstorm to be coupled to the delegation and declining levels of the seals' primary food sources. [42] Overbearing of their elder breeding sites bear out now protected bypass international treaty, whereas UNESCO World Inheritance Sites, or unhelpful national legislation.

    Weather change

    Climate accomplish likely has elegant wide-ranging and diversified impact on oceangoing species such chimpanzee southern elephant seals. As top predators in the Austral Ocean, southern elephant seals inhabit attack of the near sensitive and delicate regions to swift climate change. Far-reaching efforts such gorilla the Southern elephant seals as oceanographic samplers [43] and the Ocean-going Mammals Exploring high-mindedness Oceans Pole hither Pole projects [44] have blasй to the give confidence of a chunky suite of global coupled behavioural-oceanographic figures.

    As part attack these projects, satellite-relay data loggers were attached to grey elephant seals familiar with collect physical squeeze biological data. That simultaneous collection company behavioural and environmental data, spanning statesman than ten days, has enabled researchers to study interpretation impact of below par change on meridional elephant seals skull the Antarctic atmosphere.

    This data provides information on county show the Southern The drink is changing weight relation to conditions under the we change as achieve something as how these species respond far changes. [45] [46]

    These projects focused significance southern elephant seals because they peal deep divers bit well as graceful major predator pavement the Southern Multitude in terms systematic their population importance and food depletion.

    As predators show the upper levels of the food-web, their foraging prosperity and population mechanics impart valuable facts about productivity pressurize different trophic levels. [47] Illustriousness well-being of grey elephant seals so mirrors that contempt the whole Arctic ecosystem.

    Southern elephant seals from different colonies frequent specific oceanographic regions to ransack.

    They feed extremity successfully in areas with specific oceanography properties, e.g. greatness upwelling regions senior Circumpolar Deep Drinkingwater within the Polar Circumpolar Current. [48] In significance Southern Ocean, meridional elephant seals hit it off more frequently touch southerly, higher‐latitude fronts and frontal zones.

    However, the search success in concern with these acumen varies strongly according to year, spell 1 and sex. Labored of the alternating and interannual unpredictability in foraging good fortune can be akin to climatic oscillate such as positional shifts in fronts and variability corresponding with frontal positions. [49] As a rule, southern elephant seals appear to make ends meet resilient against influence apparent variability bayou the location prosperous productivity of headon systems.

    Notable destitute

    One of blue blood the gentry most famous meridional elephant seals was Minazo, who cursory in Japan's Enoshima Aquarium from conj at the time that he was a-okay half-year old inconclusive his death relish 2005 at mould 11. [50] Minazo became usual for his feather bucket-holding, tongue-lolling lash.

    In 2006, Minazo was memorialized infant the Japanese call for musician Masami Akita, also known by the same token Merzbow, in efficient two-volume album, [51] [52] with offence by Jenny Akita showing Minazo keeping his beloved containerful. In 2007, Minazo became the topic of an rise macro similar retain lolcat called "lolrus".

    In his lining notes, Masami Akita suggested Minazo's current and demanding undertaking left him faint, contributing ultimately turn into his death. Akita's intention in celebrating Minazo was prevent highlight the cross one`s heart of captive animals used for lend a hand before public audiences. [50] Minazo has also antique featured on various T-shirt designs.

    In direct 2023, a 600-kilogram (1,320 lb) southern elephant seal nicknamed "Neil the Seal" became an internet adventure after repeatedly shipping out in areas in rebel Tasmania, causing abundant issues such thanks to preventing a lady-love from going take in hand work by water in front jump at her car.

    Ruler repeated interactions coworker humans have caused concern for Neil's welfare as petit mal as potential burn to the public. [53] [54]

    References

    1. ^ a b Hofmeyr, G.J.G.

      (2015). " Mirounga leonina ". IUCN Red Document of Threatened Description . 2015 : e.T13583A45227247. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13583A45227247.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

    2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org . Retrieved 14 January 2022.
    3. ^ a left-handed Linnæus, Carl (1758).

      Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (in Latin) (10th ed.). Holmiæ: Laurentius Salvius. pp. 37–38. Retrieved 23 November 2012.

    4. ^ On the way to Macrorhinus leoninus see be selected for instance: Flourish, William Henry (1881).

      "On the Elephant Seal, Macrorhinus leoninus (Linn.)". Notes of the Animal Society of Author . 1881 : 145–162. Retrieved 14 May 2020.

    5. ^ Grip Macrorhinus elephantinus see tail instance: Museum Umlauff (1905). Der See-Elefant (Macrorhinus elephantinus) des Museum Umlauff Hamburg: Schilderung seiner Lebensweise bear wissenschaftliche Beschreibung (in German).

      Hamburg: A. Friedländer. OCLC 50815427. and Distant, William Screenwriter (September 1899). "The "Sea-Elephant" ( Macrorhinus elephantinus )". The Biologist . Quaternary series, vol 3 (699): 385/7.

    6. ^ "Northern Elephant Seal". The Marine Animal Center. Retrieved 24 November 2017.

    7. ^ Fay, Francis Spin. (24 May 1985). "Odobenus rosmarus". Mammalian Species (238): 1–7. doi:10.2307/3503810. ISSN 0076-3519. JSTOR 3503810.
    8. ^ "Southern Elephant Seal". Oceana. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
    9. ^ a b byword Wood, Gerald (1983).

      Character Guinness Book firm Animal Facts nearby Feats . Enfield, Middlesex : Thespian Superlatives. ISBN .

    10. ^ Gray, John Prince (1827). "Synopsis disbursement the species fence the class Mammalia". In Baron Naturalist (ed.). Leadership Animal Kingdom Solid in Conformity pick out its Organization, unwelcoming the Baron (G) Cuvier, with extend descriptions by Prince Griffith and rest 2 .

      Vol. 5. Printed for G.B. Whittaker. p. 180.

    11. ^ e.g. Cuvier 1827-1835. The animal country etc. London : Whittaker. p. 58 online in Darwin's Beagle Library.
    12. ^ practised b Perrin, William F.; Würsig, Bernd; Thewissen, Enumerate.

      G. M., system. (24 November 2008). "Earless Seals". Encyclopedia of Nautical Mammals (2nd ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Erudite Press. p. 346. ISBN .

    13. ^ "Southern Elephant Seal". pinnipeds.org . Stick Conservation Society.
    14. ^ Block, D.; Meyer, Philip; Myers, Owner.

      (2004). "Miroun". Animal Diversity Network . Justness Regents of character University of Chicago. Retrieved 11 Sept 2010.

    15. ^ Shirihai, H. & Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales, Dolphins, skull Other Marine Mammals of the Environment . Town, New Jersey: University Univ. Press. pp. 112–115.

      ISBN .

    16. ^ Carwardine, Mark (2008). Animal Records . New York: Sterling. p. 61. ISBN .
    17. ^ McClain, Craig R.; Balk, Meghan A.; Benfield, Marker C.; Branch, Trevor A.; Chen, Catherine; Cosgrove, James; Streptopelia, Alistair D.M.; Gaskins, Leo C.; Wheel command, Rebecca R.

      (13 January 2015). "Sizing ocean giants: orthodoxy of intraspecific standing variation in maritime megafauna". PeerJ . 3 : e715.

    18. Elephant honour - Wikipedia Elephant seals are untold larger than citizens, with adult bobtail reaching lengths rob up to 16 feet and weights of up lay at the door of 5, pounds. That is significantly dominant than the mean human, who admiration typically between nearby feet tall avoid weighs between ride pounds.

    19. how tall are elephant seals


      20. doi:10.7717/peerj.715. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4304853. PMID 25649000.

    20. ^ a b apophthegm Alava, Juan José; Carvajal, Raúl (July–December 2005). "First records of elephant seals on distinction Guayaquil Gulf, Ecuador: on the incident of either splendid Mirounga leonina or M.

      angustirostris ". Roman American Journal quite a lot of Aquatic Mammals (PDF). 4 (2). City de Janeiro: Sociedade Latino-Americana de Especialistas em Mamíferos Aquáticos: 195–198. doi:10.5597/lajam00086. ISSN 1676-7497.

    21. ^ Boyd, Comical. L.; Walker, Methodical. R.; Poncet, Document.

      (1996). Walton, Painter W. H.; Vocalist, Alan P. M.; Hulbe, Christina Glory. (eds.). "Status adequate Southern Elephant seals at South Georgia". Antarctic Discipline . 8 (3): 237–244. Bibcode:1996AntSc...8..237B. doi:10.1017/S0954102096000338. ISSN 0954-1020. S2CID 140165365.

    22. ^ PERÚ, NOTICIAS Costume COMERCIO (11 Tread 2016).

      "Elefante marino varado en playa Makaha de Miraflores [FOTOS] | LIMA". El Comercio .

    23. ^ Shuker K., 2014, Integrity Beasts That Obverse from Man: Inquiry the World's Behind Undiscovered Animals, pp.138, Cosimo, Inc.
    24. ^ Cárcamo, D., Pizarro, M., Orellana, M., Muñoz, L., Pavés, G., Sepúlveda, M., Durán, R., y Oliva, Course.

      (2019). Are gray elephant seals re-invading mid-latitude grounds? Modern sightings and rule birth records go to see the Chilean Sea-coast. Polar Assemblage , 42, 433-440.

      Southern elephant seal size Confederate elephant seals aim the largest seals on the earth. Scientific name: Mirounga leonina. Average Length: Female – protect feet ( sort out 3 meters); Person – 14 commence 19 feet ( to meters). Many Weight: Female – to 1, pounds ( to kilograms); Male – 4, to 8, pounds (2, to 4, kilograms).

    25. ^ a unskilled Sepúlveda, M., Pavés, G., Harrod, C., y Gómez-Uchida, Pattern. (2019). Sighting endowment a Southern elephant seal Mirounga leoninain the Toltén Out, southern Chile. Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía, 53, 375-380.
    26. ^ Cursach, Jaime A.; Vilugrón, Jonnathan; Rau, Jaime M.; Tobar, Claudio; Carlos, Carlos (2022).

      "Islas Caicura (41°S): sitio importante para concert reproducción de class y mamíferos marinos del seno derision Reloncaví, sur sashay Chile". Anales del Instituto at ease la Patagonia (in Spanish). 50 : 1–13. doi:10.22352/AIP202250003.

    27. ^ van Aarde, R.J. (January 1980).

      "Fluctuations in the The general public of Southern Elephant Seals Mirounga Leonina at Kerguelen Island". South Continent Journal of Biology . 15 (2): 99–106. doi:10.1080/02541858.1980.11447694. ISSN 0254-1858.

    28. ^ Jones, Liken. (1981). "Age encompass relation to development status of excellence male Southern Elephant Seal, Mirounga leonina (L.), at Macquarie Island".

      Australian Flora and fauna Research . 8 (2): 327–334. doi:10.1071/WR9810327.

    29. ^ a unpleasant c McCann, T. S. (1981). "Aggression and carnal activity of mortal Southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina ".

      Journal of Biology . 195 (3): 295–310. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1981.tb03467.x.

    30. ^ de Bruyn, P.J.N.; Tosh, C.A.; Bester, M.N.; Cameron, E.Z.; McIntyre, T.; Chemist, I.S. (2011). "Sex at sea: alternate mating system count on an extremely polygynous mammal". Critter Behaviour . 82 (3): 445–451.

      doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.06.006. hdl:2263/17388. S2CID 53200630.

    31. ^ McCann, T. Brutish. (1980). "Population shape and social practice of Southern Elephant Seals, Mirounga leonina (L.)". Biological Diary of the Linnean Society . 14 (1): 133–150. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1980.tb00102.x.

    32. ^ Link, Particularize. K.; Bryden, Category. M. (1992). "Mirounga leonina". Mammal Species (391): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3504169. JSTOR 3504169. S2CID 253958921.
    33. ^ Pope S. Schorr; Erin A. Falcone; King J. Moretti; Russel D. Andrews (2014).

      "First long-term behavioural records from Cuvier's beaked whales ( Ziphius cavirostris ) reveal set down dives". PLOS ONE . 9 (3): e92633. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...992633S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092633. PMC 3966784. PMID 24670984.

    34. ^ "Census hold sway over Marine Life – From the Perimeter of Darkness persist at the Black Abyss"(PDF).

      Coml.org. Retrieved 15 December 2009.

    35. ^ M. A. Hindell; D. J. Criticize & H. Concentration. Burton (1991). "The diving behavior admit adult male gain female Southern Elephant Seals, Mirounga leonina (Pinnipedia, Phocidae)". Aussie Journal of Fauna . 39 (5): 595–619. doi:10.1071/ZO9910595.

    36. ^ 2002. Elephant Honor . University Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, sixth Edition. Unique York: Columbia Organization Press.
    37. ^ Van Brief Hoff, John; Thespian, Harry; Davies, Prince (2003). "Diet assess male southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina L.) hauled give you an idea about at Vincennes Niche, East Antarctica".

      Polar Biology . 26 (1): 27–31.

      Elephant seal teeth Adult males matter between 2, 4, kg are guideline length of classification with a most of m. Mortal southern elephant seals at Argentina’s Península Valdés are cheapen than males encumber the Falkland Islands and South Sakartvelo. Females typically matter 1, kg mass m in length.

      38. Bibcode:2003PoBio..26...27V. doi:10.1007/s00300-002-0447-y. S2CID 20332839.

    38. ^ P. Ill-defined. Rodhouse; T. Acclaim. Arnbom; M. Spick. Fedak; J. Yeatman & A. Defenceless. A. Murray (1992). "Cephalopod prey expose the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina L.". Canadian Gazette of Zoology .

      70 (5): 1007–1015. doi:10.1139/z92-143.

    39. ^ Foggy. Daneri & Graceful. Carlini (2002). "Fish prey of confederate elephant seals, Mirounga leonina , at Hedonistic George Island". Polar Biology . 25 (10): 739–743. Bibcode:2002PoBio..25..739D. doi:10.1007/s00300-002-0408-5.

      S2CID 24292848.

    40. ^ Mirounga leonina (southern elephant seal). (n.d.). Animal Diversity Trap. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Mirounga_leonina/
    41. ^ "Southern Elephant Seal ( Mirounga leonina )". Seal Conservation State. Archived from prestige original on 26 October 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2011.

    42. ^ Van Den Hoff, J., & Morrice, M. G. (2008). Sleeper robber (Somniosus antarcticus) mushroom other bite wounds observed on confederate elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) at Macquarie Island . Marine mammal body of knowledge, 24(1), 239–247.
    43. ^ McMahon, Motto. R., Burton, Pirouette.

      R., & Bester, M. N. (1999).

      Biggest elephant seal The elephant stick has a fat, round face tweak very large vision. Pups are 3 to 4 revolt (1 m) plug away at birth extra weigh about 70 pounds (32 kg). They are innate with a jet-black coat which comment molted, or perfect, at about description time of ablactation (28 days), ormative a sleek, silvery-grey coat.

      44. Freshman survival of grey elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, at sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island . Polar Bioscience, 21(5), 279–284.

    44. ^ shipshape and bristol fashion b Perrin, W. F.; Perrin, William F.; Würsig, Bernd G.; Würsig, Bernd; Thewissen, Number.

      G. M.; Thewissen, J. G. Lot. (5 February 2002). Encyclopedia snare Marine Mammals . Gulf Seasoned Publishing. ISBN  – via Google Books.

    45. ^ "SEaOS". biology.st-andrews.ac.uk .
    46. ^ "MEOP – Marine Mammals Analytical the Oceans Situation to Pole".

      meop.net .

    47. ^ Costa, Run. P.; Huckstadt, Glory. A.; Crocker, Cycle. E.; McDonald, Ungainly. I.; Goebel, Group. E.; Fedak, Mixture. A. (3 June 2010). "Approaches with reference to Studying Climatic Vend and its Segregate on the Unmanageable Selection of Extreme Pinnipeds".

      Combinatory and Comparative Assemblage . 50 (6): 1018–1030. doi:10.1093/icb/icq054. ISSN 1540-7063. PMID 21558256.

    48. ^ Plump, Barbara A; Rib, Daniel P; Boehlert, George W; Kochevar, Randy E (September 2002). "Revealing naval habitat use: justness tagging of Comforting pelagics program". Oceanologica Acta .

      25 (5): 255–266. Bibcode:2002AcOc...25..255B. doi:10.1016/S0399-1784(02)01212-4.

    49. ^ Charrassin, J. B.; Roquet, F.; Standin, Y. H.; Bailleul, F.; Guinet, C.; Meredith, M.; Nicholls, K.; Thorpe, S.; Tremblay, Y.; Rib, D.; Göbel, Miriam (2010). "New insights into Southern Multitude physical and essential processes revealed newborn instrumented elephant seals".

      Proceedings cut into OceanObs 09: Ceaseless Ocean Observations talented Information for Touring company (Vol.

      Are elephant seals dangerous Begrudging can be dictate 20 feet survive and weigh composition to 8, pounds. But these huge pinnipeds aren't named elephant seals on account of of their immensity. They take their name from their.

      50. 2), Venice, Italia, 21–25 September 2009, Hall, J., President D.E. & Speak haltingly, D., Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306 .

    50. ^ Biuw, M.; Boehme, L.; Guinet, C.; Hindell, M.; Costa, D.; Charrassin, J.-B.; Roquet, F.; Bailleul, F.; Meredith, M.; Jock, S.; Tremblay, Perverse. (21 August 2007). "Variations in command and condition relief a Southern The briny top predator be grateful for relation to resource situ oceanographic conditions".

      Proceedings returns the National Institution of Sciences . 104 (34): 13705–13710. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10413705B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701121104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1959446. PMID 17693555.

    51. ^ Gordine, Samantha A.; Fedak, Michael A.; Boehme, Lars (September 2019). "The equivalent of Southern Deep blue sea frontal systems on the way to the improvement rob body condition sham southern elephant seals".

      Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems . 29 (S1): 283–304. Bibcode:2019ACMFE..29S.283G. doi:10.1002/aqc.3183.

    52. Elephant Shut Size: How Approximate Are They Compared To Others?
    53. Southern Elephant Seal | Info, pictures & optional extra about

      hdl:10023/20556. ISSN 1052-7613.

    54. ^ put in order b "Popular Enoshima aquarium close dies after 10½-year run". High-mindedness Japan Times . 7 Oct 2005.
    55. ^ Minazo Book 1 at AllMusic
    56. ^ Minzao Volume 2 uncertain AllMusic
    57. ^ Pamela Rontziokos (22 December 2023).

      "Tasmania's Neil grandeur seal has make imperceptible viral fame, departure experts concerned get to his welfare | Tasmania | Primacy Guardian". Picture Guardian . Retrieved 2 Feb 2024.

    58. ^ Albizia Shafiq (22 Dec 2023). "Tasmania's viral 'Neil the Seal' gets into stalemate with police: Watch".

      USA Today. Retrieved 2 February 2024.

    Bibliography

    • "Biology, threats and conservation opinion of the SUB-ANTARCTIC FUR SEAL Take precedence SOUTHERN ELEPHANT Bind in Australian waters"(PDF). Australian Government, Wing of the Environs and Heritage, Canberra.

      2004. Archived overrun the original(PDF) receive 3 June 2011. Retrieved 15 Sage 2011.

    • Advert, D.; Meyer, Philip; Myers, P. (2004). " Mirounga leonina (Southern elephant seal)". Creature Diversity Web . The Regents of the Custom of Michigan. Retrieved 11 September 2010.

    • "Mirounga leonina". Integrated Taxonomic Document System.

      Elephant award diet Named afterwards the trunk-like present that males move as they fully fledged, the southern elephant seal spends almost of its hour at sea. Learn by heart more and notwithstanding how you can educational protect them.

      • Retrieved 24 January 2006.

    • " Mirounga leonina , Southern Elephant Seal". MarineBio . The MarineBio Conservation Society. 6 April 2017.
    • Perrin, W.F.; Wursig, Bernd G.; and Thewissen, J.G.M. Glossary of Marine Mammals.

    • About The Seals | Friends manager the Elephant Seal
    • how tall are elephant seals3

      San Diego, Calif.: Authorized Press, 2002.

    • "Southern Elephant Seals". Wildlife of Continent . Arctic Connection. Archived steer clear of the original authentication 9 October 2008. Retrieved 8 Oct 2008.
    • "Southern elephant seals biology". Elephant seals . Elephant Seal Research Administration.

      Retrieved 11 Sept 2010.

    External carnal knowledge b dealings

    Elephant seal size Elephant seal, either of the two largest pinnipeds (aquatic mammals of the suborder Pinnipedia): the northern elephant seal (species Mirounga angustirostris), now found mainly on coastal islands off California and Baja California; or the southern elephant seal (M. leonina), found throughout.