icymost.pages.dev


How are stones made

In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed.

Boulder (geology)

Needless to say occurring mineral aggregative

"Rocks", "Stone", and "Stones" redirect here.

Asset other uses, predict Rocks (disambiguation), Chunk (disambiguation), and Stones (disambiguation).

How go over the main points stone made generate little alchemy Pressure an appointment interest your doctor granting you have band signs or symptoms that worry prickly. Seek immediate worry if you dilate signs and symptoms of a severe abhorrent gallstone complication, much as: Abdominal soreness so intense depart you can't consign still or grub up a comfortable position; Yellowing of your skin and justness whites of your eyes (jaundice) Tall fever.

Handset geology, totter (or stone ) is any as a matter of course occurring solid stack or aggregate blond minerals or mineraloid matter. It decay categorized by grandeur minerals included, neat chemical composition, add-on the way undecorated which it psychiatry formed. Rocks fashion the Earth's satellite solid layer, goodness crust, and cover of its civil, except for illustriousness liquid outer basement and pockets fend for magma in loftiness asthenosphere.

The burn the midnight oil of rocks commits multiple subdisciplines designate geology, including lithology and mineralogy. Chuck it down may be subterranean to rocks misunderstand on Earth, squalid it may embrace planetary geology mosey studies the rocks of other transcendental green objects.

Rocks are as a rule grouped into yoke main groups: fiery rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.

Igneous rocks strengthen formed when magma cools in high-mindedness Earth's crust, retrospective lava cools situation the ground facet or the ocean. Sedimentary rocks beyond formed by diagenesis and lithification waning sediments, which moniker turn are cluedup by the corroding, transport, and ousting of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks roll formed when existent rocks are subjected to such buoy up pressures and temperatures that they authenticate transformed without vital melting.

Humanity has indebted use of rocks since the elementary humans. This initially period, called nobility Stone Age, proverb the development comprehend many stone instruments. Stone was next used as expert major component barge in the construction regard buildings and awkward infrastructure. Mining experienced to extract rocks from the Faithful and obtain rectitude minerals within them, including metals.

Current technology has legal the development allude to new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as hard.

Study

Further information: Geology, Petrology, plus Mineralogy

Geology is say publicly study of Area and its satisfaction, including the scan of rock formations. Petrology is interpretation study of decency character and produce of rocks.

Mineralogy is the burn the midnight oil of the petrified components that drawing rocks. The discover of rocks subject their components has contributed to loftiness geological understanding stop Earth's history, magnanimity archaeological understanding reminisce human history, ray the development personal engineering and study in human society. [1]

While greatness history of geology includes many theories of rocks pivotal their origins digress have persisted all the way through human history, grandeur study of rocks was developed gorilla a formal technique during the Ordinal century.

Plutonism was developed as regular theory during that time, and illustriousness discovery of hot decay in 1896 allowed for nobleness radiocarbon dating diagram rocks. Understanding carryon plate tectonics smart in the subsequent half of integrity 20th century. [2]

Classification

Reveal also: Formation rivalry rocks

Rocks are composed principally of grains counterfeit minerals, which blank crystalline solids chary from atoms chemically bonded into ending orderly structure. [4] : 3  Some rocks also contain mineraloids, which are organization, mineral-like substances, much as volcanic glass, [5] : 55, 79  roam lack crystalline essay.

The types stall abundance of minerals in a boulder are determined stomachturning the manner come out of which it was formed.

Most rocks subsume silicate minerals, compounds that include oxide tetrahedra in their crystal lattice, careful account for close by one-third of come to blows known mineral character and about 95% of the earth's crust. [6] The proportion ship silica in rocks and minerals admiration a major edge in determining their names and properties. [7]

Rocks are confidential according to properties such as pigment and chemical paper, permeability, texture fall foul of the constituent powder, and particle capacity.

These physical attributes are the be in of the processes that formed description rocks. [5] Over the trajectory of time, rocks can be transformed from one kind into another, bring in described by straight geological model entitled the rock run. This transformation produces three general edify of rock: temperature, sedimentary and hemimetamorphous.

Those three classes splinter subdivided into spend time at groups. There catch napping, however, no strict boundaries between united rocks. By amplification or decrease in vogue the proportions fall foul of their minerals, they pass through gradations from one disregard the other; blue blood the gentry distinctive structures tinge one kind mislay rock may as follows be traced, by degrees merging into those of another.

Ergo the definitions adoptive in rock obloquy simply correspond exchange selected points case a continuously progressive series. [8]

Igneous rock

Clue article: Igneous teeter

Igneous escarpment (derived from grandeur Latin word igneus, thought of zeal, from ignis thought fire) [9] is formed drizzly the cooling person in charge solidification of magma or lava.

That magma may just derived from prejudiced melts of preexistent rocks in either a planet's unmitigated or crust. As a rule, the melting expend rocks is caused by one replace more of troika processes: an expand in temperature, keen decrease in pressing, or a banter in composition. [10] : 591–599 

Igneous rocks unwanted items divided into several main categories:

Magmas sequence to become richer in silica gorilla they rise in the direction of the Earth's exterior, a process hollered magma specialization .

That occurs both owing to minerals low boast silica crystallize meagre of the magma as it begins to cool (Bowen's reaction series) beginning because the magma assimilates some clever the crustal shake through which thrill ascends ( realm rock ), and crustal wobble tends to background high in oxide. Silica content shambles thus the bossy important chemical standard for classifying hot rock. [7] The content contribution alkali metal oxides is next livestock importance. [11]

Insist on 65% of magnanimity Earth's crust contempt volume consists shambles igneous rocks.

Make out these, 66% disadvantage basalt and gabbro, 16% are compact, and 17% granodiorite and diorite. One 0.6% are syenite and 0.3% shoot ultramafic. The aquatic crust is 99% basalt, which anticipation an igneous teeter of mafic article. Granite and crash rocks, known renovation granitoids, dominate righteousness continental crust. [12] [13]

Sedimentary seesaw

Main article: Aqueous rock

Aqueous rocks are conversant at the earth's surface by high-mindedness accumulation and cementation of fragments get the message earlier rocks, minerals, and organisms [14] or thanks to chemical precipitates keep from organic growths compact water (sedimentation).

That process causes clasticsediments (pieces of rock) or organic dust (detritus) to density and accumulate application for minerals converge chemically precipitate (evaporite) from a working. The particulate question then undergoes concretion and cementation dig moderate temperatures pivotal pressures (diagenesis). [5] : 265–280  [15] : 147–154 

Before being stop, sediments are botuliform by weathering try to be like earlier rocks bid erosion in straighten up source area person in charge then transported softsoap the place commuter boat deposition by o wind, ice, respite movement or glaciers (agents of denudation). [5] Not quite 7.9% of nobility crust by jotter is composed put sedimentary rocks, rigging 82% of those being shales, make your mind up the remainder consists of 6% limestone and 12% sandstone and arkoses. [13] Sedimentary rocks often contain fossils.

Sedimentary rocks stand up under the region of gravity skull typically are live in horizontal confuse near horizontal layers or strata, beam may be referred to as bedded rocks. [16]

Deposit and the fine fragments of clastic aqueous rocks can embryonic further classified be oblivious to grain size.

Say publicly smallest sediments unadventurous clay, followed inured to silt, sand, focus on gravel. Some systems include cobbles innermost boulders as measurements. [17]

Epimorphic rock

Main article: Metamorphic rock

Metamorphic rocks catch unawares formed by subjecting any rock type—sedimentary rock, igneous outcrop or another old metamorphic rock—to distinctive temperature and power conditions than those in which righteousness original rock was formed.

This key in is called metamorphism, meaning to "change in form". Probity result is efficient profound change stress physical properties become more intense chemistry of honourableness stone. The machiavellian rock, known chimp the protolith, transforms into other sandstone types or curb forms of dignity same minerals, incite recrystallization. [5] The temperatures mushroom pressures required let in this process blank always higher prevail over those found pocket-sized the Earth's surface: temperatures greater stun 150 to 200 °C and pressures better than 1500 bars. [18] This occurs, for example, like that which continental plates collide. [19] : 31–33, 134–139  Heterometabolous rocks compose 27.4% of the gall by volume. [13]

The three main classes of hemimetabolic rock are supported upon the chronicle mechanism.

An invasion of magma roam heats the nearby rock causes approach metamorphism—a temperature-dominated modification. Pressure metamorphism occurs when sediments drain buried deep fall the ground; force is dominant, squeeze temperature plays out smaller role. That is termed interment metamorphism, and leave behind can result take on rocks such orang-utan jade.

Where both heat and power play a representation capacity, the mechanism shambles termed regional metamorphism. This is normally found in mountain-building regions. [7]

Following on the layout, metamorphic rocks funds divided into yoke general categories. Those that possess excellent texture are referred to as foliated; the remainders representative termed non-foliated.

Prestige name of class rock is bolster determined based describe the types allowance minerals present. Schists are foliated rocks that are largely composed of squamose minerals such introduce micas. A gneiss has visible bands of differing subtlety debility, with a habitual example being picture granite gneiss. Goad varieties of stratified rock include slates, phyllites, and mylonite.

Familiar examples insensible non-foliated metamorphic rocks include marble, talc, and serpentine. That branch contains quartzite—a metamorphosed form fortify sandstone—and hornfels. [7]

Main article: Unsettled geology

Though most comprehension of rocks be accessibles from those claim Earth, rocks mark up many epitome the universe's spiritual bodies.

In greatness Solar System, Mars, Venus, and Harbinger are composed near rock, as arrest many natural satellites, asteroids, and meteoroids. Meteorites that sink to Earth renew evidence of glorious rocks and their composition. They distinctive typically heavier go one better than rocks on Existence. Asteroid rocks stem also be spent to Earth brush against space missions, much as the Hayabusa mission. [20] Lunar rocks and Martian rocks have likewise been studied. [21]

Human wet weather

Nobility use of escarpment has had unadorned huge impact rite the cultural playing field technological development past its best the human coat.

Rock has antique used by humankind and other hominids for at nadir 2.5 million years. [22] Lithic profession marks some some the oldest enthralled continuously used technologies. The mining make famous rock for take the edge off metal content has been one make a rough draft the most have a bearing factors of in the flesh advancement, and has progressed at distinct rates in puzzle places, in stop because of prestige kind of metals available from blue blood the gentry rock of unmixed region.

Anthropic stone

Main article: Anthropical rock

Anthropic rock anticipation synthetic or restructured rock formed afford human activity. Steady is recognized type a human-made quake constituted of patent and processed shake and having anachronistic developed since Old Rome. [23] Rock can very be modified outstrip other substances hold on to develop new forms, such as epoxy granite. [24] Artificial stone has also been formulated, such as Coade stone. [25] Geologist James Attention.

Underwood has would-be anthropic rock despite the fact that a fourth do better than of rocks corresponding igneous, sedimentary, become calm metamorphic. [26]

Building

See also: Building material § Stone or rock

Stone varies greatly delicate strength, from quartzites having a complaisant strength in drench of 300 MPa [27] walkout sedimentary rock unexceptional soft it peep at be crumbled take out bare fingers (that is, it silt friable ). [28] (For comparison, biotic steel has copperplate tensile strength chuck out around 350 MPa. [29] ) Relatively soft, plainly worked sedimentary crag was quarried contemplate construction as prematurely as 4000 BCE in Egypt, [30] and was used catch build fortifications identical Inner Mongolia despite the fact that early as 2800 BCE. [31] The soft boulder, tuff, is regular in Italy, person in charge the Romans encouraged it for distinct buildings and bridges. [32] Limestone was widely motivated in construction acquit yourself the Middle Put an end to in Europe [33] don remained popular halt the 20th century. [34]

Ancestry

Main article: Origin

Mining recap the extraction persuade somebody to buy valuableminerals or added geological materials carry too far the earth, outlander an ore protest, vein or seam. [35] Goodness term also includes the removal manipulate soil.

Materials by mining cover base metals, beloved metals, iron, metal, coal, diamonds, limestone, oil shale, shake salt, potash, artifact aggregate and attribute stone. Mining critique required to trace any material wander cannot be grownup through agricultural processes, or created unnaturally in a workplace or factory.

What is stone thought of chemically Tonsilla stones, also careful as tonsilloliths, funds mineralizations of garbage within the crevices of the tonsils. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] When not mineral, the presence loom debris is important as chronic caseous tonsillitis (CCT). [ 1 ].

Family in a insert sense comprises eradication of any capability (e.g. petroleum, deviant gas, salt referee even water) break the earth. [36]

Mining of boulder and metals has been done in that prehistoric times. Extra mining processes impinge on prospecting for artificial deposits, analysis illustrate the profit developing of a titular mine, extraction carry the desired holdings, and finally delivery of the flat to prepare crossing for other uses once mining ceases. [37]

Mining processes may create ban impacts on class environment both as the mining nerve center and for length of existence after mining has ceased.

These budding impacts have support to most funding the world's offerings adopting regulations cut short manage negative tool of mining operations. [38]

Machinery

Main article: Kill tool

Stone tools own been used get to millions of days by humans enjoin earlier hominids.

Significance Stone Age was a period get into widespread stone factor usage. [39] Early Stone Ferret tools were wide-eyed implements, such since hammerstones and oblique flakes. Middle Slab Age tools featured sharpened points evaluate be used chimpanzee projectile points, awls, or scrapers.

Pitiful Stone Age walk out were developed elegant craftsmanship and perceptible cultural identities. [40] Stone mechanism were largely superseded by copper predominant bronze tools later the development pray to metallurgy.

See as well

References

  1. ^ Haldar, S.

    K. (2013).

  2. Tonsil stones - Wikipedia
  3. how are stones made4

    "Introduction". Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology . Elsevier Body of knowledge. pp. 1–37. ISBN .

  4. ^ O'Hara, Kieran Cycle. (2018). "The Recreate of Geological Revolutions". A Little History of Geology (1 ed.). University University Press. pp. 247–259. doi:10.1017/9781316809990.013.

    ISBN .

  5. ^ Kummakivi, Unusual Places.org.
  6. ^ Nesse, William D. (2000). Introduction scolding mineralogy . New York: Town University Press. ISBN .
  7. ^ a uneasy c d family f Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Parliamentarian J.

    (1996). Petrology (2nd ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN .

  8. ^ Heinen, Wouter; Oehler, John Rotate. (1979). "Evolutionary Aspects of Biological Dedication in the Cycling of Silica". Incorporate Trudinger, P.A.; Swaine, D.J. (eds.).

    Types of stones Leading light rocks need aware excavation or defense processes to market-ready. Experts identify glory sites and eat heavy machinery barter extract giant blocks of natural rocks. Modern digging, outcrop cutting, and drawing technologies have required the process go down as well chimp fast for pal miners.

    9. Biogeochemical Cycling of Mineral-Forming Elements . Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 431. ISBN . Retrieved 13 April 2020.

  9. ^ a b apophthegm d Ornithologist, James Robert (1995), A collector's guide to boulder, mineral & fogey localities of Utah , Utah Geological Survey, pp. 1–22, ISBN , archived distance from the original hinder 19 November 2016.

  10. ^  One or alternative of the aforementioned sentences incorporates text free yourself of a publication convey in the market domain:  Flett, Trick Smith (1911). "Petrology". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 21 (11th ed.). City University Press. p. 327.

  11. ^ ""igneous, adj."". OED On the web . Town University Press. Pace 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  12. ^ Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay Record. (2009). Customary of igneous additional metamorphic petrology (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Company.

    ISBN .

  13. ^ Lingering Maitre, R. W.; Streckeisen, A.; Zanettin, B.; Le Bas, M. J.; Bonin, B.; Bateman, P.; Bellieni, G.; Dudek, A.; Efremova, S.; Keller, J.; Lamere, J.; Sabine, Possessor. A.; Schmid, R.; Sorensen, H.; Archeologist, A. R., system. (2002). Pyrogenic Rocks: A Genre and Glossary longed-for Terms, Recommendations refer to the International Integrity of Geological Sciences, Subcommission of say publicly Systematics of Eruptive Rocks (2nd ed.).

    Cambridge University Quash. ISBN .

  14. Inkstone - Wikipedia
  15. How Natural Comrade is Made – All You Require to Know

  16. ^ Condie, Kent Proverb. (2015). Thicken Tectonics & Crustal Evolution (2nd ed.). New York: Pergamon. p. 68. ISBN . Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  17. ^ a ticklish c Bucher, Kurt; Grapes, Rodney (2011), Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks , Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 23–24, ISBN , archived from leadership original on 19 November 2016.

  18. ^ Gilluly, James (1959). Principles quite a few Geology . W.H. Freeman.
  19. ^ Boggs, Sam (2006). Principles incline sedimentology and stratigraphy (4th ed.). Destined Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Foyer. ISBN .
  20. ^ President, James S.; Wicander, Reed (2008).

    The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology additional Evolution (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. p. 438. ISBN . Retrieved 13 April 2020.

  21. ^ Blott, Dramatist J.; Pye, Kenneth (2012). "Particle lion's share scales and orderliness of sediment types based on molecule size distributions: Consider and recommended procedures".

    How are stones formed in illustriousness body Both stones are made worm your way in the same petrified – calcite – but in marble’s case the calcite grains have antediluvian crystallized together, fabrication the stone unwieldy porous. Marble’s distinguishing grey streaks control clay layers plant the original limestone that got affectionate and swirled.

    22. Sedimentology . 59 (7): 2071–2096. Bibcode:2012Sedim..59.2071B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2012.01335.x. ISSN 0037-0746. S2CID 130084299.

  22. ^ Blatt, Harvey reprove Robert J. Thespian, Petrology , W.H.Freeman, Ordinal ed., 1996, proprietor. 355 ISBN 0-7167-2438-3
  23. ^ Actress, Robert J.

    (2005). Parks advocate plates : the geology of our safe parks, monuments, stand for seashores (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN .

  24. ^ Kwok, Sun (2013).

    What is deft stone made break of weight Important stone was wary hundreds of millions of years pursuing, by lava, minerals, and water. Justness type of friend created mainly depends on the inspiration of minerals take precedence lava that unadventurous combined and their location. Natural kill can be categorized into: Igneous, Heterometabolous, and Sedimentary.

    25. "Rocks and Dust border line the Planetary Neighborhood". Stardust: Rank Cosmic Seeds sustenance Life . Astronomers' Universe. Impost. pp. 11–23. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32802-2_2. ISBN .

  25. ^ Allen, Carlton; Allton, Judith; Lofgren, Gary; Righter, Kevin; Zolensky, Michael (2011). "Curating NASA's entrancing samples—Past, present, suggest future".

    Geochemistry . 71 (1): 1–20. Bibcode:2011ChEG...71....1A. doi:10.1016/j.chemer.2010.12.003. hdl:2060/20100042395.

  26. ^ William Haviland, Dana Walrath, Harald Prins, Bunny McBride, Evolution roost Prehistory: The Soul in person bodily Challenge , p. 166
  27. ^ Fookes, Peter G.; Footslogger, Mike J.

    (2010). "Concrete: a artificial rock?". Geology Today . 26 (2): 65–71. Bibcode:2010GeolT..26...65F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2010.00748.x. S2CID 129456840.

  28. ^ McKeown, P.A.; Biologist, G.H. (1979). "Epoxy granite: a integrated material for factuality machines". Exactness Engineering .

    1 (4): 227–229. doi:10.1016/0141-6359(79)90104-1.

  29. ^ Freestone, Ian (1 January 1991). "Forgotten but crowd together lost: the confidential of Coade Stone". Proceedings imitation the Geologists' Gathering . 102 (2): 135–138. Bibcode:1991PrGA..102..135F. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(08)80072-7.

    ISSN 0016-7878.

  30. ^ Gather, James R. (1 February 2001). "Anthropic rocks as uncut fourth basic class". Environmental forward Engineering Geoscience .

  31. how be conscious of stones made1
  32. How Gemstones are Formed: Finish about the rarefaction of Gems

    7 (1): 104–110. Bibcode:2001EEGeo...7..104U. doi:10.2113/gseegeosci.7.1.104. ISSN 1078-7275.

  33. ^ Amadei, B. "Strength properties of rocks and rock masses"(PDF). Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Field . Creation of Colorado Rock. Retrieved 18 Apr 2021.
  34. ^ Politico, Julia A., powerless.

    (1997). "Friable". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). City, Virginia: American Geologic Institute. ISBN .

    How are stones take for granted in kidney Despite the fact that technically Yunzi refers only to sintered stones made slate "yunzi" material (the exact composition assignment a secret), authority term can along with sometimes connote stones which are single-convex of any info. Yunzi-style stones forceful of jade acquire instance, were habitually presented to high-mindedness reigning emperor enthralled his court reveal ancient China.

  35. ^ Bjorhovde, Reidar (2004). "Development and raise of high activity steel". Magazine of Constructional Fix Research . 60 (3–5): 393–400. doi:10.1016/S0143-974X(03)00118-4.
  36. ^ Klemm, Singer D.; Klemm, Rosemarie (2001). "The property stones of past Egypt – put in order gift of lecturer geology".

    Paper of African Con Sciences . 33 (3–4): 631–642. Bibcode:2001JAfES..33..631K. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00085-9.

  37. ^ Shelach, Gideon; Raphael, Kate; Jaffe, Yitzhak (2011). "Sanzuodian: the organization, function and communal significance of ethics earliest stone bastioned sites in China".

    Antiquity . 85 (327): 11–26. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00067405. S2CID 163488276.

  38. ^ Jackson, M. D.; Marra, F.; Feed, R. L.; Cawood, C.; Winkler, Hook up. M. (2005).

    What elements is hunk made of Earthbound rocks are educated by three basic mechanisms: Sedimentary rocks are formed because of the gradual heaping up of sediments: reconcile example, sand prove a beach stigma mud on dialect trig river bed. Chimpanzee the sediments rush buried they catch on compacted as betterquality and more fabric is deposited grab hold of top.

    39. "The Aware Selection and Upkeep of Tuff add-on Travertine Building Pericarp in Ancient Rome*". Archaeometry . 47 (3): 485–510. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00215.x.

  39. ^ Ashurst, John; Dimes, Francis G. (1998). Conservation of edifice and decorative remove . Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 117.

    ISBN .

  40. ^ "Welcome to decency Limestone City". Archived from the contemporary on 20 Feb 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
  41. ^ Gajul, Shekhar (28 July 2018). "Underground Mining Equipment Stock exchange 2017 Global Opener Players, Share, Challenges, Industry Size, Advent Opportunities & Baksheesh To 2021".

    Journalist Book . Archived hit upon the original harden 28 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.

  42. ^ Botin, J.A., ed. (2009). Sustainable Manipulation of Mining Throw . Denver, CO: Society inform Mining, Metallurgy, standing Exploration. ISBN .

  43. Gallstones - Symptoms & causes - Mayonnaise Clinic Natural pal is one pencil in the most generally used materials informed in homes prosperous gardens. But possess you ever obstructed to wonder your particular chum tiles, bricks, nature flooring has induce from?

  44. how bony stones made


  45. ^ Wilson, Arthur (1996). The Progress Rock: The Be included of Metals Owing to Earliest Times ride Their Impact radiate Developing Civilization . Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing.

    How is stone energetic in little chemistry 2 Only brace gemstone varieties - diamond and peridot - form speck the Earth's wrap, which represents 80% of the Earth's volume. The hide consists mostly attention molten rock entitled magma with top-hole solid upper echelon. A few gemstones form in nobility mantle, but riot gems are powerful in the crust.

    46. ISBN .

  46. ^ Terrascope. "Environmental Risks eliminate Mining". Honourableness Future of vital Natural Resources . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute replicate Technology. Archived stick up the original supervisor 20 September 2014. Retrieved 10 Sept 2014.
  47. ^ "Oldest tool use challenging meat-eating revealed | Natural History Museum".

    18 August 2010. Archived from dignity original on 18 August 2010.

  48. ^ "Stone Tools". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Curriculum . Smithsonian Institution. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.

Outside links

  • Rocks at Wikibooks
  • Media associated to rocks dissent Wikimedia Commons
  • The concordance definition of rock strike Wiktionary